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Baby Born With Two Heads and 3 Legs

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Medical condition

Conjoined twins
Other names Siamese twins
Conjoined X-ray.jpg
X-ray of conjoined twins, Cephalothoracopagus.
Specialty Medical genetics Edit this on Wikidata

Conjoined twins – sometimes popularly referred to every bit Siamese twins [one] [2] – are identical twins[3] joined in utero. A very rare miracle, the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 49,000 births to 1 in 189,000 births, with a somewhat higher incidence in Southwest Asia and Africa.[4] Approximately half are stillborn, and an additional one-third die inside 24 hours. Most live births are female, with a ratio of 3:i.[4] [5]

2 contradicting theories exist to explain the origins of conjoined twins. The more generally accustomed theory is fission, in which the fertilized egg splits partially.[vi] The other theory, no longer believed to be the footing of conjoined twinning,[6] is fusion, in which a fertilized egg completely separates, only stem cells (which search for similar cells) notice similar stalk cells on the other twin and fuse the twins together. Conjoined twins share a unmarried common chorion, placenta, and amniotic sac, although these characteristics are not sectional to conjoined twins, as there are some monozygotic but non-conjoined twins who likewise share these structures in utero.[7]

Chang and Eng Bunker (1811–1874) were brothers born in Siam (now Thailand) who traveled widely for many years and were labeled as The Siamese Twins. Chang and Eng were joined at the trunk by a ring of flesh, cartilage, and their fused livers. In mod times, they could take been easily separated.[8] Due to the brothers' fame and the rarity of the status, the term "Siamese twins" came to be associated with conjoined twins.

Causes [edit]

There are two theories about the development of conjoined twins. The kickoff is that a single fertilized egg does non fully dissever during the process of forming identical twins. If the zygote division occurs subsequently two weeks of the development of the embryonic disc, information technology results in the formation of conjoined twins.[9] The second theory is that a fusion of two fertilized eggs occurs earlier in development.

Fractional splitting of the primitive node and streak may result in the germination of conjoined twins. These twins are classified co-ordinate to the nature and degree of their union. Occasionally, monozygotic twins are connected simply by a common skin bridge or by a mutual liver bridge. The blazon of twins formed depends on when and to what extent abnormalities of the node and streak occurred. Misexpression of genes, such equally Goosecoid, may besides effect in conjoined twins.[10] Goosecoid activates inhibitors of BMP4 and contributes to regulation of head development. Over- or underexpression of this gene in laboratory animals results in severe malformations of the caput region, including duplications, like to some types of conjoined twins.[eleven]

Types [edit]

Conjoined twins are typically classified by the point at which their bodies are joined. The well-nigh mutual types of conjoined twins are:

  • Thoraco-omphalopagus (28% of cases):[vi] Two bodies fused from the upper breast to the lower breast. These twins normally share a heart and may also share the liver or part of the digestive organisation.[12]
  • Thoracopagus (18.5%):[half-dozen] Two bodies fused from the upper breast to lower abdomen. The heart is always involved in these cases.[12] As of 2015[update], separation of a genuinely shared heart has not offered survival to 2 twins; a designated twin may survive if allotted the heart, sacrificing the other twin.
  • Omphalopagus (ten%):[6] Ii bodies fused at the lower abdomen. Unlike thoracopagus, the heart is never involved in these cases; all the same, the twins frequently share a liver, digestive system, diaphragm and other organs.[12]
  • Parasitic twins (x%):[6] Twins that are asymmetrically conjoined, resulting in one twin that is small, less formed, and dependent on the larger twin for survival.
  • Craniopagus (6%):[6] Fused skulls, but separate bodies. These twins can be conjoined at the back of the head, the front of the head, or the side of the head, but not on the face up or the base of the skull.[12]

Other, less common types of conjoined twins include:

  • Cephalopagus: Two faces on reverse sides of a single, conjoined head; the upper portion of the body is fused while the lesser portions are split up. These twins generally cannot survive due to severe malformations of the brain. Also known equally janiceps (after the 2-faced Roman deity Janus).[12]
  • Syncephalus: One head with a single face merely four ears, and two bodies.[12]
  • Cephalothoracopagus: Bodies fused in the head and thorax. In this type of twins, at that place are two faces facing in opposite directions, or sometimes a single confront and an enlarged skull.[12] [13]
  • Xiphopagus: Two bodies fused in the xiphoid cartilage, which is approximately from the navel to the lower breastbone. These twins most never share whatsoever vital organs, with the exception of the liver.[12] A famous instance is Chang and Eng Bunker.
  • Ischiopagus: Fused lower half of the two bodies, with spines conjoined end-to-end at a 180° bending. These twins accept four arms; ane, two, 3 or four legs; and typically ane external fix of ballocks and anus.[12]
  • Omphalo-Ischiopagus: Fused in a like style to ischiopagus twins, but facing each other with a joined abdomen akin to omphalopagus. These twins have four arms, and ii, three, or four legs.[12]
  • Parapagus: Fused side by side with a shared pelvis. Twins that are dithoracic parapagus are fused at the abdomen and pelvis, but non the thorax. Twins that are diprosopic parapagus accept one trunk and two faces. Twins that are dicephalic parapagus have 1 torso and ii heads, and accept two (dibrachius), 3 (tribrachius), or iv (tetrabrachius) arms.[12]
  • Craniopagus parasiticus: Like craniopagus, but with a 2nd bodiless head attached to the dominant head.
  • Pygopagus or Iliopagus: Two bodies joined at the pelvis.[12]
  • Rachipagus: Twins joined along the back of their bodies, with fusion of the vertebral arches and the soft tissue from the head to the buttocks[14]

Management [edit]

Separation [edit]

Surgery to separate conjoined twins may range from very easy to very difficult depending on the point of zipper and the internal parts that are shared. Well-nigh cases of separation are extremely risky and life-threatening. In many cases, the surgery results in the death of one or both of the twins, especially if they are joined at the head or share a vital organ. This makes the ethics of surgical separation, where the twins tin can survive if not separated, contentious. Alice Dreger of Northwestern University found the quality of life of twins who remain conjoined to be higher than is commonly supposed.[15] Lori and George Schappell and Abby and Brittany Hensel are notable examples.

The showtime record of separating conjoined twins took place in the Byzantine Empire in the 900s. 1 of the conjoined twins had already died, then the doctors of the town attempted to separate the dead twin from the surviving twin. The outcome was partly successful every bit the remaining twin lived for three days after separation. The next case of separating conjoined twins was recorded in 1689 in Federal republic of germany several centuries later.[xvi] [17] The starting time recorded successful separation of conjoined twins was performed in 1689 by Johannes Fatio.[18] In 1955, neurosurgeon Harold Voris (1902-1980)[19] and his team at Mercy Hospital in Chicago performed the first successful performance to split craniopagus twins (conjoined at the head), which resulted in long-term survival for both.[20] [21] [22] The larger girl was reported in 1963 as developing normally, but the smaller was permanently dumb.[23]

In 1957, Bertram Katz and his surgical team made international medical history performing the world'south first successful separation of conjoined twins sharing a vital organ.[24] Omphalopagus twins John Nelson and James Edward Freeman (Johnny and Jimmy) were built-in in Youngstown, Ohio, on April 27, 1956. The boys shared a liver simply had dissever hearts and were successfully separated at North Side Infirmary in Youngstown, Ohio, by Bertram Katz. The operation was funded by the Ohio Crippled Children's Service Social club.[25]

Contempo successful separations of conjoined twins include that of the separation of Ganga and Jamuna Shreshta in 2001, who were born in Kathmandu, Nepal, in 2000. The 97-hour surgery on the pair of craniopagus twins was a landmark i which took place in Singapore; the team was led past neurosurgeons Chumpon Chan and Keith Goh.[26] The surgery left Ganga with brain damage and Jamuna unable to walk. Seven years later, Ganga Shrestha died at the Model Hospital in Kathmandu in July 2009, at the age of eight, three days later being admitted for treatment of a astringent chest infection.[27]

Infants Rose and Grace Attard, conjoined twins from Malta, were separated in the Great britain past court order Re A over the religious objections of their parents, Michaelangelo and Rina Attard. The twins were attached at the lower abdomen and spine. The surgery took identify in Nov 2000, at St Mary'south Hospital in Manchester. The performance was controversial because Rose, the weaker twin, would die as a issue of the procedure every bit her heart and lungs were dependent upon Grace's. However, if the operation had not taken place, it was certain that both twins would die.[28] [29] Grace survived to relish a normal childhood.[xxx]

In 2003, two 29-year-old women from Iran, Ladan and Laleh Bijani, who were joined at the head but had separate brains (craniopagus) were surgically separated in Singapore, despite surgeons' warnings that the performance could be fatal to one or both. Their complex case was accepted just because technologically avant-garde graphical imagery and modeling would allow the medical squad to programme the risky surgery. Yet, an undetected major vein hidden from the scans was discovered during the operation.[31] The separation was completed merely both women died while nonetheless in surgery.

In 2019 Safa and Marwa Ullah were separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, England. The twins, born January 2017 were joined at the top of the head with separate brains and a cylindrical shared skull with the twins each facing in opposite directions to one another. The surgery was jointly led past neurosurgeon Owase Jeelani and plastic surgeon Professor David Dunaway. The surgery presented detail difficulties due to a number of shared veins and a distortion in the shape of the girls' brains, causing them to overlap. The distortion would need to be corrected in order for the separation to get ahead. The surgery utilized a team of more than 100 including bio engineers, 3D modelers and a virtual reality designer. The separation was completed in Feb 2019 following a total of 52 hours of surgery over iii split operations. As of July 2019, both girls remain healthy and the family planned to return to their habitation in Pakistan in 2020.[32] [33]

History [edit]

Conjoined twin sisters from Nuremberg Chronicle (1493)

The Moche civilisation of ancient Peru depicted conjoined twins in their ceramics dating back to 300 CE.[34] Writing around 415 CE, St. Augustine of Hippo, in his volume, City of God, refers to a man "double in his upper, but single in his lower half--having two heads, two chests, four easily, but one trunk and two feet similar an ordinary man."[35]

Co-ordinate to Theophanes the Confessor, a Byzantine historian of the 9th century, around 385/386 CE, "in the village of Emmaus in Palestine, a child was born perfectly normal below the navel simply divided above it, and so that it had two chests and ii heads, each possessing the senses. One would eat and drink merely the other did non eat; one would sleep simply the other stayed awake. There were times when they played with each other, when both cried and hit each other. They lived for a little over 2 years. 1 died while the other lived for some other 4 days and information technology, too, died."[36]

In Arabia, the twin brothers Hashim ibn Abd Manaf and 'Abd Shams were born with Hashim'southward leg attached to his twin brother'south head. Fable says that their father, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the claret that had flowed between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur betwixt Banu al'Abbas and Banu Ummaya ibn 'Abd Shams in the twelvemonth 750 AH).[37] The Muslim polymath Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī described conjoined twins in his book Kitab-al-Saidana.[38]

The English twin sisters Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, who were conjoined at the dorsum (pygopagus), lived from 1100 to 1134 (or 1500 to 1534) and were perhaps the best-known early historical example of conjoined twins. Other early on conjoined twins to attain detect were the "Scottish brothers", allegedly of the dicephalus blazon, essentially two heads sharing the same body (1460–1488, although the dates vary); the pygopagus Helen and Judith of Szőny, Hungary (1701–1723), who enjoyed a brief career in music before being sent to live in a convent; and Rita and Cristina of Parodi of Sardinia, born in 1829. Rita and Cristina were dicephalus tetrabrachius (one trunk with four arms) twins and although they died at simply 8 months of age, they gained much attention as a curiosity when their parents exhibited them in Paris.

Several sets of conjoined twins lived during the nineteenth century and made careers for themselves in the performing arts, though none achieved quite the same level of fame and fortune as Chang and Eng. Most notably, Millie and Christine McCoy (or McKoy), pygopagus twins, were born into slavery in North Carolina in 1851. They were sold to a showman, J.P. Smith, at nascence, but were soon kidnapped past a rival showman. The kidnapper fled to England but was thwarted because England had already banned slavery. Smith traveled to England to collect the girls and brought with him their female parent, Monimia, from whom they had been separated. He and his wife provided the twins with an educational activity and taught them to speak five languages, play music, and sing. For the remainder of the century, the twins enjoyed a successful career as "The Ii-Headed Nightingale" and appeared with the Barnum Circus. In 1912, they died of tuberculosis, 17 hours apart.

Giovanni and Giacomo Tocci, from Locana, Italy, were immortalized in Marking Twain'southward short story "Those Extraordinary Twins" equally fictitious twins Angelo and Luigi. The Toccis, built-in in 1877, were dicephalus tetrabrachius twins, having i trunk with two legs, two heads, and 4 arms. From birth they were forced by their parents to perform and never learned to walk, as each twin controlled one leg (in modern times, physical therapy allows twins similar the Toccis to learn to walk on their own). They are said to accept disliked show business. In 1886, after touring the United States, the twins returned to Europe with their family. They are believed to accept died effectually this fourth dimension, though some sources claim they survived until 1940, living in seclusion in Italia.

Notable people [edit]

Born 19th century and earlier [edit]

Chang and Eng Bunker, watercolor on ivory, 1835 or 1836

  • Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, alleged names of the Biddenden Maids (per tradition, born in the 12th century) of Kent, England.[39] They are the primeval set of conjoined twins whose names are (purportedly) known.
  • Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo (1617 — 1646?), autosite-and-parasite pair
  • Helen and Judith of Szony (Hungary, 1701 — 1723), pygopagus.
  • Chang and Eng Bunker (1811 — 1874). The Bunker twins were born of Chinese origin in Siam (at present Thailand), and the expression Siamese twins is derived from their case. They were joined past the areas around their xiphoid cartilages, but over time, the connective tissue stretched.
  • Millie and Christine McCoy (11 July 1851 – 8 October 1912), (oblique pygopagus). The McCoy twins were built-in into slavery in Columbus Canton, North Carolina, United States. They went by the stage names "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and "The Eighth Wonder of the Earth" and had an extensive career before retiring to the farm on which they were born.
  • Giacomo and Giovanni Battista Tocci (1875? — 1912?), (dicephalus tetrabrachius dipus)
  • Josefa and Rosa Blazek (xx January 1878 — 30 March 1922),[40] pygopagus.[41] The Blazek twins were built-in in Skrejšov, Bohemia (now the Czech Republic).[41] They began performing in public exhibitions at the age of 13, and their deed later on included Rosa'south son Franz. The sisters died in Chicago, Illinois.[42]

Born 20th century [edit]

  • Daisy and Violet Hilton of Brighton, England (1908–1969), pygopagus. The Hilton twins were performers who played musical instruments, sang, and danced. At the top of their career, they had the highest paid act in vaudeville.[43] They too appeared in the movies Freaks and Chained for Life.
  • Lucio and Simplicio Godina of Samar, Philippines (1908–1936)
  • Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova of Moscow, Russia (1950–2003), the rarest grade of conjoined twins, one of few cases of dicephalus tetrabrachius tripus (two heads, four arms, three legs)
  • Ronnie and Donnie Galyon of Ohio (1951–2020), omphalopagus
  • Tjitske and Folkje de Vries of Mûnein, Netherlands (b. 1953)
  • Wariboko and Tamunotonye Davies, born 25 July 1953 in Kano, Nigeria. Separated in London by a squad led by Ian Aird. Tamunotonye died postoperatively. Wariboko became a nurse.[44]
  • Lori and George Schappell, built-in September eighteen, 1961, in Reading, Pennsylvania, American entertainers, craniopagus
  • Ganga and Jamuna Mondal of India, born 1969 or 1970, known professionally equally The Spider Girls and The Spider Sisters. Ischiopagus.
  • Anna and Barbara Rozycki (born 1970), the first conjoined twins successfully separated.[ citation needed ]
  • Ma Nan Soe and Ma Nan San (born 1971 in Myanmar), separated in July 1971 at Yangon Pediatric Hospital. They were joined from breast to belly button. Ma Nan San died after ane month and seven days afterward functioning.
  • Elisa and Lisa Hansen, Ogden, Utah (1977-2020). Born by Caesarean section on 18 Oct 1977, were conjoined at the top of their head (craniopagus). They were separated 1979 later on sixteen-hr surgery, were first to both survive surgery.[ citation needed ]
  • Ladan and Laleh Bijani of Shiraz, Iran (1974–2003); died during separation surgery in Singapore. Craniopagus.
  • Babe Daughter A and Baby Girl B (born 1977 in New Jersey) shared a single six-chambered centre. Separation surgery, led by C. Everett Koop, involved the instant death of Baby Girl A; the difficult ethical and religious concerns generated significant local newspaper coverage. Baby Girl B survived for three months.[45]
  • Viet and Duc Nguyen, built-in on February 25, 1981, in Kon Tum Province, Vietnam, and separated in 1988 in Ho Chi Minh City. Viet died on Oct 6, 2007. Ischiopagus.
  • Maria and Consolata Mwakikuti of Tanzania (1986?–2018); conjoined by the abdomen; died of respiratory problems resulting from an aberrant, inoperable breast deformity.[46]
  • Patrick and Benjamin Binder, separated in 1987 by team of doctors led past Ben Carson. Craniopagus.
  • Andrew and Alex Olson, born in 1987, separated in April 1988 at the Academy of Nebraska Medical Center. Omphalopagus. Alex died in 2018.
  • Katie and Eilish Holton, born Baronial 1988 in Ireland; Katie died after separation due to cardiac abort at the age of three,5 years.
  • Abigail and Brittany Hensel are dicephalic parapagus twins born on March vii, 1990 in Carver County, Minnesota. Both graduated in 2012 from Bethel University, St. Paul, hired as teachers.
  • Tiesha and Iesha Turner (built-in 1991 in Texas), separated in 1992 at Texas Children's Infirmary in Houston, Texas. Omphalopagus.
  • Ashley and Ashil Fokeer, born on 2 November 1992 in Mauritius[47]
  • Joseph and Luka Banda (born January 23, 1997, in Republic of zambia), separated in 1997 in South Africa by Ben Carson (with a later intervention in 2001 to artificially close their skulls). Craniopagus.
  • Maria del Carmen Andrade Solis and Maria Guadalupe Andrade Solis (improve known as Carmen and Lupita) were born in June 2000 in Veracruz, Mexico. They later moved to the United States for healthcare with their parents.[48]

Born 21st century [edit]

  • Carl and Clarence Aguirre, born with vertical craniopagus in Silay City, Negros Occidental, on Apr 21, 2002. They were successfully separated on Baronial 4, 2004.[49]
  • Tabea and Lea Cake, from Lemgo, Germany, were born as craniopagus twins joined on the tops of their heads on Baronial nine, 2003. The girls shared some major veins, but their brains were carve up. They were separated on September 16, 2004, although Tabea died nigh 90 minutes later.[50]
  • Sohna and Mohna from Amritsar, India. Born in New Delhi on fourteen June 2003. They have 2 hearts, arms, kidneys and spinal cords while share liver, gall bladder and legs.[51]
  • Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru, born outside Rome in Lazio, Italy, on Jan thirteen, 2004. Every bit craniopagus twins, the meridian of Tatiana's head is attached to the back of Anastasias's head.
  • Lakshmi Tatma (built-in 2005) was an ischiopagus conjoined twin born in Araria district in the state of Bihar, India. She had four arms and four legs, resulting from a joining at the pelvis with a headless undeveloped parasitic twin.[52]
  • On 2005 a set of conjoined triplets was detected, characterized as tricephalus, tetrabrachius, and tetrapus parapagothoracopagus, and the pregnancy interrupted at 22 weeks.[53]
  • Kendra and Maliyah Herrin, ischiopagus twins separated in 2006 at age 4[54]
  • Krista and Tatiana Hogan, Canadian twins conjoined at the head. Built-in October 25, 2006. Share part of their brain and tin can pass sensory information and thoughts betwixt each other.
  • Trishna and Krishna from Bangladesh were born in December 2006. They are craniopagus twins, joined on the tops of their skulls and sharing a pocket-size amount of brain tissue. In 2009, they were separated in Melbourne, Australia.[55]
  • Maria and Teresa Tapia, born in the Dominican Republic on April eight, 2010. Conjoined by the liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. Separation occurred on November 7, 2011 at Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU.
  • Aung Myat Kyaw and Aung Khant Kyaw (born in May 2011, Mandalay, Myanmar), connected at pelvis.
  • Jesus and Emanuel de Nazaré are dicephalic parapagus twins born in Pará, Brazil on Dec 19, 2011.
  • Zheng Han Wei and Zheng Han Jing, born in China on Baronial 11, 2013. Conjoined past their sternum, pericardium, and liver. In 2014, they were separated in Shanghai, People's republic of china, at the Shanghai Children'southward Medical Eye.[56] [57]
  • Asa and Eli Hamby were born in 2014 in Georgia only died less than ii days afterwards nativity due to heart failure. The twins were dicephalic parapagus having 2 heads simply being conjoined at the body, artillery and legs. They had carve up spinal columns but i centre making postnatal operations impossible.
  • Jadon and Anias McDonald, born in September 2015. Conjoined by the head. Successfully separated at Children's Hospital of Montefiore Medical Centre by James T. Goodrich in October 2016.[58] [59]
  • Erin and Abby Delaney, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania U.s. on July 24, 2016. Conjoined by the head. They were successfully separated at Children's Infirmary of Philadelphia on June xvi, 2017.[60]
  • Marieme and Ndeye Ndiaye, twin girls born in Senegal in 2017, living in Cardiff, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in 2019[61]
  • Safa and Marwa Bibi, twin girls born in Hayatabad, Pakistan on January 17, 2017, conjoined by the head. Successfully separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in February 2019.
  • Callie and Carter Torres, born 30 January 2017 in Houston Texas, from Blackfoot Idaho. They are Omphalo-Ischiopagus conjoined twins, attached past their pelvic area and sharing all organs from the belly push down with just 1 leg each.[62] [63]
  • Yiḡit and Derman Evrensel, twin boys born on 21 June 2018, Antalya, Turkey. They are craniopagus twins and were separated at Great Ormond Street Hospital in 2019 by the same surgeons that separated Safa and Marwa Bibi.[64] [65]
  • Ervina and Prefina, born June 29, 2018 in the Cardinal African Republic. They were separated on June 5, 2020 at the Bambino Gesù Pediatric Infirmary in Rome, Italy.[66]
  • Mercy and Goodness Ede, built-in Baronial 13, 2019, conjoined by the breast and abdomen. Successfully separated at the National Hospital in Abuja, Nigeria in November 2019.[67]
  • Marie-Cléa and Marie-Cléanne Papillon, built-in in Republic of mauritius in 2019.[68] Conjoined from neck to abdomen, just also from heart which had seven rooms, instead of four.[69] Marie-Cléa did non survive the surgery to split up the 2.[70]
  • Susannah and Elizabeth Castle, born April 22, 2021 and separated December 10th, 2021 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[71]

In fiction [edit]

Conjoined twins have been the focus of several noteworthy works of entertainment, including:

  • Irish author Sarah Crossan won the Carnegie Medal for her verse novel, One.[72] The story follows the life and survival of conjoined twin sisters. The book too won The Bookseller'south 2016 prize for young adult fiction and the Irish Children'south Book of the Yr.
  • The Broadway musical Side Show depicts the lives of real-life conjoined twins Daisy and Violet Hilton, portrayed in the original Broadway production by Alice Ripley and Emily Skinner.
  • The Peach Tree, a Korean novel and film, portrays conjoined twin brothers falling in love with the same woman.
  • The 1999 moving-picture show Twin Falls Idaho portrays conjoined twin brothers who are played past 2 non-conjoined identical twin brothers, one of whom directed the film, and both of whom co-wrote the screenplay.
  • In the fourth flavour of the American television series American Horror Story titled American Horror Story: Freak Bear witness, the main grapheme Bette and Dot Tattler (Sarah Paulson in a dual role) are a dicephalic parapagus twin where their two heads are side past side on 1 trunk. This operation is done with the help of CGI.
  • Brian Aldiss'due south 1977 novel Brothers of the Head depicts conjoined twins who become rock stars. In the 2005 film adaptation, they are played by non-conjoined identical twins Harry Treadaway and Luke Treadaway.

See also [edit]

  • Medical law
  • Monoamniotic twins
  • Polycephaly

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

Media related to Conjoined twins at Wikimedia Commons

  • Types and social history of conjoined twins
  • The site of the medical Saudi team responsible for numerous successful separation surgeries
  • Eng and Chang - The Original Siamese Twins; The Academy of N Carolina at Chapel Colina, The North Carolina Collection Gallery
  • The Human Marvels: A Historical Reference Site run by J. Tithonus Pednaud, Teratological Historian
  • Cases of conjoined and incomplete twins Archived 2006-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
  • Clara and Alta Rodriguez, joined at the pelvis and successfully separated in 1974 at Children'due south Hospital of Philadelphia past surgeons including C. Everett Koop
  • National Library of Medicine: Selected Moments in the History of Conjoined Twins
  • Conjoined Twins Fast Facts (as well lists boosted twins)
  • Emedicine commodity (this article includes mail service-mortem images)
  • Facts Almost Multiples: Conjoined Records and stats
  • "The St. Benoit Twins", Scientific American, 13 July 1878, p. 24

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twins

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